As the Internet of Things (IoT) grows and matures, numerous wireless protocols are jockeying for position in the arena of M2M (machine to machine) communication. The most qualified one today is one you may not have expected: LTE. Most of us know LTE (Long Term Evolution) as the protocol used to connect smartphones to the Internet, but its applications go far beyond smartphone connectivity. High-speed LTE is also well suited to vehicle communications, where it can enable advanced telematics or Vehicle-to-X (V2X) communication.
Its high data rates, low latency, and ability to work well even while moving at high speeds make it an ideal protocol for connecting vehicles.
But LTE is not just about speed. New, lower power and low data rate versions of LTE are well suited to IoT applications, because they provide affordable, long-range connectivity while consuming little power.
LTE for the connected car
While LTE is mostly used in phones today, soon it may be the primary technology millions of cars use to connect to the cloud – and each other. We think of LTE as a smartphone technology, but the high speeds and low latencies of LTE make it extremely well suited to automotive and vehicle applications.
In addition to being fast, LTE also has long range, excellent cell tower hand-off performance, and the ability to function while moving at high speeds. These characteristics make it an ideal protocol for automotive connectivity, as well as vehicle connectivity in general.
The applications of LTE in the automotive environment are varied, and include Wi-Fi hotspots, advanced infotainment and navigation, telematics and V2X communication. These applications need not be mutually exclusive, as the bandwidth of the latest generation of LTE modules is enough to support multiple use cases simultaneously.
Wi-Fi hotspots
Wi-Fi hotspots are the most obvious, yet also one of the most effective applications of LTE cellular technology for automotive. LTE provides speeds equivalent to modern wired broadband connections. This amount of bandwidth allows multiple users and applications to share a connection with minimal performance impact. Multiple video streams can be viewed simultaneously, and all this can happen without impacting other connected applications currently running.
Automobile hotspots have advantages in connection stability and signal reception compared to hotspots generated by smartphones. LTE modules in cars can take advantage of much larger, external antennas, and power consumption isn’t limited by small cellphone batteries. This allows for reception even in parking garages and other challenging environments.
Infotainment and navigation
LTE provides enough bandwidth for advanced infotainment and navigation services. Real-time street imagery or video can be streamed to aid navigation. Video conferencing will be possible for passengers or when the vehicle is parked. High-resolution satellite imagery and map information can be downloaded on the fly.
For lower bandwidth applications like real-time traffic information, LTE connectivity trumps 2G or 3G connection with fast, low-latency updates over a reliable connection that just works. As a forward-looking standard, LTE technology also benefits from network longevity.
Advanced telematics
Telematics is another area which benefits heavily from LTE connectivity. The cellular connection allows for detailed real-time vehicle location and diagnostic information to be uploaded to the cloud. This kind of information can benefit both consumer and commercial use cases.
Consumers benefit from knowing the location and status of their vehicle. Parents for instance may want to know the location of the family car and its diagnostics information. Live feeds from in-car or dash-mounted cameras can also be invaluable for communication or guidance, and also for emergency personnel responding to an accident.
For commercial fleets, more detailed telematics information can help managers improve driver and fleet efficiencies. Diagnostic information can help fleet managers monitor vehicle health more accurately to keep vehicles on the road. Video feeds from in-car, dash, or truckbed-mounted cameras allow fleet managers to communicate more effectively with drivers, provide remote guidance, or monitor work (such as cargo loading/offloading) remotely.
V2X communication
One of the most exciting developments with LTE is its capability for improving advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) with the coming introduction of LTE for V2X communication. Planned for the upcoming Release 14 of the 3GPP standard, LTE for V2X is designed to let vehicles communicate with other vehicles and the world around them. This information can be used to prevent accidents, improve traffic flow, and gather useful information to make journeys safer, faster and more efficient.
Whereas LTE communication is normally from end-user devices to a base station, V2X communication will add a device-to-device direct communication mode. By allowing communications between devices directly, ultra-low latencies can be possible for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This will allow split-second communications to happen for collision avoidance or hazard warnings that happen too fast to be reacted to by a normal human driver.
V2V communications can be invaluable for avoiding accidents at blind intersections, road hazards around the bend, and other dangerous situations where visibility is obstructed. It can also improve traffic flow by coordinating vehicle movement speeds, provide context-aware information such as roadworks warnings, and traffic light timings.
LTE for connecting the IoT
While high-speed LTE makes sense for the connected car, there are many other IoT use cases where the bandwidth of high-speed LTE is unnecessary and would be cost prohibitive, but the ease of use and reliable performance of in-place cellular infrastructure is invaluable. For this reason, many IoT deployments today, from smart grids to asset trackers and security, still rely on 3G or even 2G cellular connectivity.
These legacy technologies provide the convenience of cellular technology, and are fast enough for medium- and low-bandwidth applications. However, network longevity is a key challenge. Industrial product lifecycles are much longer than consumer devices. Once deployed, an industrial device may be expected to work for 5 years, 10 years, or more. But as network operators complete the transition to LTE, 2G and 3G, networks are being sunset around the world. Devices made today can no longer depend on legacy cellular technology to be supported in the long term.
To meet the needs of these medium- and low-bandwidth M2M applications as well as open up LTE to new ultra-low bandwidth use cases, the 3GPP has standardised new categories of LTE. These new standards are designed for reliably and affordably delivering lower data rate connectivity. They meet the needs of devices relying on previous generation cellular technologies, and also expand LTE to support ultra-low bandwidth applications.
LTE Cat 1
With performance of 10 Mbps down / 5 Mbps up, LTE Cat 1 meets the needs of medium- to low-bandwidth applications. It offers reliable levels of cellular connectivity with network longevity, and affordable hardware, as modules cost significantly less than the faster LTE Cat 4+ modules used in smartphones. In addition to lower costs, LTE Cat 1 also uses significantly less power than Cat 4+, which is critically important for battery-powered IoT devices.
Cat 1 LTE is suitable for industrial applications ranging from surveillance video feeds to alarm systems, telematics, ATMs and more. Hardware costs are low enough that it can be deployed either for gateway connectivity or at the per-device level.
Network providers are seeing the potential of Cat 1 technology for IoT applications and most major network operators have deployed it around the world.
NB-IoT (LTE Cat NB1)
NB-IoT (Cat NB1) is a new, exciting addition to the LTE cellular standard. Using a significantly different physical and link layer protocol but still taking advantage of cellular base station infrastructure, it achieves ultra-low-power connectivity using simple, affordable radio modules.
The low data rate protocol is extremely energy efficient, making battery lives of 10 years or more possible. Performance is only 27,2 Kbps down and 62,5 Kbps up, but for many IoT sensing and measuring devices, these metrics are more than enough.
In addition, the narrowband nature of the technology along with a sub-gigahertz frequency band deployment allows for great signal penetration. This makes NB-IoT a perfect protocol for smart metering, security systems, and other applications which often require devices to be in recessed, indoor, or underground locations where traditional radio technologies have trouble reaching.
NB-IoT is currently being adopted by operators such as Vodafone, T-Mobile, China Telecom, LGU+, KT, Softbank and many more.
LTE Cat M1
While NB-IoT is in theory a perfect protocol for many IoT sensor applications, there are some barriers to adoption. While certain carriers already have base stations which support it, other carriers need to upgrade their base station hardware to support it. However, there is another air interface that has some features which NB-IoT lacks and which has been adopted by a different set of network operators.
Enter LTE Cat M1. This protocol exists at a bandwidth level between Cat 1 and NB-IoT. Instead of tens of kilobits, Cat M1 supports up to 375 Kbps either way in half-duplex mode. Like NB-IoT, it also has strong penetration and very good range.
Because of the bandwidth difference, Cat M1 will be more power efficient for medium-bandwidth IoT applications, while NB-IoT will be more power efficient for ultra-low-bandwidth IoT applications. Both protocols support smart power saving modes and, designed appropriately, can enable devices with battery lives of around 10 years.
Besides bandwidth, Cat M1 is also suitable for mobile applications as it is able to hand off between cell towers from a moving vehicle without dropping the connection – something NB-IoT is not capable of. Additionally, Cat M1 can support voice functions, making it well suited for applications such as alarm or emergency response systems.
Cat M1 infrastructure is also easier to implement for many mobile network operators. While NB-IoT requires a hardware upgrade for some carriers, Cat M1 support often just requires a software upgrade. In North America, several carriers have already deployed nationwide Cat M1 networks.
Because Cat M1 and NB-IoT network coverage tends to vary depending on geography, another option for device designers today is to support both. Multi-mode modules like the u-blox SARA-R4 support both Cat M1 and NB-IoT, making it easy to design one device that works worldwide.
Not just for smartphones
LTE, the fast cellular networking technology we all know and love, is evolving its capabilities far beyond the smartphone. Higher speed variations are the perfect platform for connected car applications and the release of LTE for V2X will only expand the applications of cellular networking technology for the automotive use case.
At the same time, new, low-speed categories of LTE expand its reach and its capabilities. Category 1, Cat M1 and NB-IoT allow LTE to serve low power and low data rate applications with the reliability of cellular connectivity, well into the future.
For more information contact Andrew Hutton, RF Design, +27 (0)21 555 8400, [email protected], www.rfdesign.co.za
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